The lawsuit claims that the tech giant has used "monopolistic leverage" to generate large profits from purchases made within its own store.
It also claimed Google had bought off its competitors.
Google said that there are rival app stores for Android devices, and that apps can also be downloaded directly from developers' own websites.
The 37 states involved in the legal action include New York, Tennessee and North Carolina, as well as Washington DC.
It criticises the commission Google takes on purchases made within Google Play, which can be up to 30%, in line with Apple's App Store policies and the stores of other rivals such as Amazon and Microsoft XBox.
In 2020, Google's gross revenue from Google Play was $36.8bn (£26.7bn), reported Statista, while Apple chief executive Tim Cook has claimed not to know how profitable the App Store is as an individual entity within his company.
Google also says that 97% of developers do not pay it any "service fees" at all because they are not selling digital products within their apps.
"Google Play is not fair play," Utah Attorney General Sean Reyes said in a statement.
"It must stop using its monopolistic power and hyper-dominant market position to unlawfully leverage billions of added dollars from smaller companies, competitors and consumers beyond what should be paid."
'Openness and choice'
In a blog, Google's senior head of public policy, Wilson White, described the action as "strange".
"We understand that scrutiny is appropriate, and we're committed to engaging with regulators," he wrote.
"But Android and Google Play provide openness and choice that other platforms simply don't."
The tech giants' app store policies are facing increasing scrutiny.
In May, the UK's Competition and Markets Authority launched an investigation into Apple's app store policies.
And Epic Games, the studio behind the hit game Fortnite, started legal action against both Apple and Google in the UK back in January, citing competition rules.
A study commissioned by Facebook in December suggested that the majority of apps used by people in the US were made by either Apple or Google, reported The Verge.
